ShareWare OnLine 2/ShareWare OnLine Volume 2 (CMS Software)(1993).iso/educate/7_dayc3.zip/TUTOR.ZIP/CT2.DAT

Text File | 1993-01-08 | 49KB | 988 lines

CLS,1,25,7,0
18,0,15,0,"DAY TWO: COMPUTER COMPONENTS"
MAIN,NULL
CLS,1,25,5,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,3,0
3,0,14,0,"SECTION 2: COMPUTER COMPONENTS -- the Central Processing Unit  (CPU)"
5,5,5,0,"                      ┌─────────────────────────┐"
6,5,5,0,"                      │ ┌┐┌──┐  ███████ ███████ │"
7,5,5,0,"                      │ └┘└──┘                  │"
8,5,5,0,"                      │ ║║║║║║  ███████ ███████ │"
9,5,5,0,"                      └─────────────────────────┘"
7,37,0,5,"───────┼───────"
6,44,0,5,"│"
8,44,0,5,"│"
10,4,6,0,"   The Central Processing Unit, or CPU, is the main housing for most"
10,39,14,0,"CPU"
11,4,6,0,"of your computer components.  Contained within this housing are the"
12,4,6,0,"DISK DRIVES, RAM, ROM, INTERFACE CARDS, POWER SUPPLY, MICROPROCESSOR,"
13,4,6,0,"and lots of other $12 words.  What it basically boils down to is that"
14,4,6,0,"this is the GUTS of your computer system.  Everything else is"
15,4,6,0,"considererd a peripheral (accessory to the CPU)."
15,18,14,0,"peripheral"
SPACE,0,6
17,4,5,0,"To make things even more interesting, the term CPU is often used to"
18,4,5,0,"also refer to the MICROPROCESSOR, or computer chip itself.  This chip"
19,4,5,0,"constitutes the BRAINS of the computer.  So don't be surprised if you"
20,4,5,0,"hear someone mention CPU and point to a 2 inch piece of black plastic."
SPACE,0,5
22,4,5,0,"This dual-usage of the term was designed for the sole purpose of"
23,4,5,0,"confusing you and hacking you off royally."
SPACE,0,5
CLS,1,25,7,1
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,1
3,0,12,1,"THE PRINTER"
5,0,7,1, "     ┌───────┐     "
6,0,7,1, "┌────┤       ├────┐"
7,0,7,1, "│  ══╧═══════╧══  │"
8,0,7,1, "├─────────────────┤"
9,0,7,1, "│ ▀     ▄ ▄ ▄  ▓  │"
10,0,7,1,"└─────────────────┘"
BOX,12,2,19,79,2,13,1
13,8,7,1,"The printer is the 'permanent copy' system.  Despite rumors, your"
14,8,7,1,"computer will not totally eliminate paper work or the need to put"
15,8,7,1,"things on paper.  But it can really do some fancy things that are"
16,8,7,1,"beyond the capability of a normal typewriter.  Business graphs,"
17,8,7,1,"pictures, 'desktop publishing' (fancy newsletters, etc) are all"
18,8,7,1,"part of the printing system... if you have the right printer."
SPACE,1,7
21,8,7,1,"There are several types of printers:  DOT MATRIX, DAISY WHEEL,"
22,8,7,1,"LASER, INK JET, and THERMAL are the most common.  Each kind of"
23,8,7,1,"printer has its advantages and disadvantages.  Let's look at a few."
SPACE,1,7
CLS,1,25,3,4
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,13,4
3,8,0,4, "DOT MATRIX  This printer is the most popular, as it is inexpensive"
4,8,0,4, "while remaining very versatile.  It is fast, usually has graphic"
5,8,0,4, "abilities, and is easy to use.  It often lacks good quality print"
6,8,0,4, "and is very noisy to operate."
SPACE,0,3
9,8,0,4, "A dot matrix printer has a print head containing from 8 to 24 wires."
10,8,0,4,"The ends of these wires strike against a ribbon onto paper, thus"
11,8,0,4,"forming the characters by a combination of dots as the head travels"
12,8,0,4,"across the paper.  This gives the printer graphics ability, but it"
13,8,0,4,"is very noisy.  The quality CAN be quite good in the more expensive"
14,8,0,4,"models, but never as good as the DAISY WHEEL or LASER printers."
15,8,0,4,"A dot matrix printer commonly prints between 80 and 800 characters"
16,8,0,4,"per second (CPS).  150+ cps is considered normal acceptable speed."
SPACE,1,2
CLS,1,25,3,1
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,13,1
3,8,3,1,"DAISY WHEEL  Very good print-- typewriter quality.  Easy to operate,"
4,8,3,1, "but lacks graphic capabilities and is noisy.  Not versatile.  This"
5,8,3,1, "printer is used primarily where fine quality print is required at"
6,8,3,1, "low cost."
SPACE,0,4
9,8,3,1, "The daisy wheel gets its name from the printing method.  A plastic"
10,8,3,1,"wheel resembling a flower with 96 petals rotates rapidly.  Each"
11,8,3,1,"'petal' contains a character, which is struck against the ribbon and"
12,8,3,1,"paper when the character spins around.  Because of this printing"
13,8,3,1,"method it is very noisy and much slower than a dot matrix, but its"
14,8,3,1,"print quality is superb.  It cannot, however, do efficient graphics."
15,8,3,1,"Daisy wheels commonly print a slow 20 to 40 cps."
SPACE,0,4
CLS,1,25,1,2
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,13,2
3,8,1,2,"LASER  Fantastic print, graphic abilities, very versatile.  It is"
4,8,1,2,"also extremely fast and relatively quiet.  However, it is expensive"
5,8,1,2,"both to buy and operate, and often cannot print envelopes."
6,8,1,2,"This is used where print quality is more important than money."
SPACE,1,5
9,8,1,2,"Laser printers use much the same technology as photocopy machines."
10,8,1,2,"Because of this, they are relatively quiet (when compared with a"
11,8,1,2,"dot matrix, for example) and VERY fast.  Common print speed of a"
12,8,1,2,"laser printer is 8 PAGES PER MINUTE (ppm) which figures out to"
13,8,1,2,"about 600 cps (that is very fast)!  But they are prone to"
14,8,1,2,"the same expense and technical problems of photocopy machines."
15,8,1,2,"Laser printers are often used in DESKTOP PUBLISHING, ie, company"
16,8,1,2,"reports that have to look FINE, client newsletters, catalogs, etc."
SPACE,1,5
CLS,1,25,1,5
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,13,5
3,8,1,5,"INK JET  Quiet, fast, versatile, relatively inexpensive.  Cannot"
4,8,1,5,"print double copies or anything requiring impact.  Print is"
5,8,1,5,"often of poor quality unless you get in the higher price range."
SPACE,2,1
8,8,1,5,"Ink jets print by spitting a tiny glob of ink onto the paper."
9,8,1,5,"Depending on the cost and quality of the printer, they can have all"
10,8,1,5,"the way from lousy print to fantastic.  In fact, the more"
11,8,1,5,"expensive ink jet can rival a laser in quality.  But also like a"
12,8,1,5,"laser, ink jet cannot be used where multiple-copies (ie carbons)"
13,8,1,5,"are required, as they have no impact.  But they are EXTREMELY"
14,8,1,5,"quiet, making no more noise than an exhaled breath."
SPACE,2,1
CLS,1,25,0,3
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,13,3
3,8,0,3,"THERMAL  Quiet, but usually slow in printing.  Very inexpensive to"
4,8,0,3,"buy, but ribbons are expensive and it requires special paper."
5,8,0,3,"Usually very poor quality print.  Used where quiet is needed."
SPACE,3,0
8,8,0,3,"These printers print by melting an ink ribbon against the paper."
9,8,0,3,"Because of this they are as quiet as ink jet, but the quality stinks."
10,8,0,3,"They CAN print on normal paper, but the quality increases by leaps"
11,8,0,3,"if gloss coat is used.  Ribbons run out fast (they cannot be reused)."
12,8,0,3,"However, if initial low cost and quiet is a concern, this is the"
13,8,0,3,"printer to consider.  Cost is often 1/2 that of a comparable dot"
14,8,0,3,"matrix printer, and dot matrix printers are CHEAP.  But realize that"
15,8,0,3,"thermal printers are NOT as cheap to operate.  If noise is your"
16,8,0,3,"primary concern, consider ink jet."
SPACE,1,0
CLS,1,24,7,5
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,5
2,0,15,5,"DISPLAY MONITORS"
4,0,0,5, "┌─────────────────┐"
5,0,0,5, "│ ███████████████ │"
6,0,0,5, "│ ███████████████ │"
7,0,0,5, "│ ███████████████ │"
8,0,0,5, "│ ███████████████ │"
9,0,0,5, "└──┬───────────┬──┘"
10,0,0,5,"└───────────┘"
11,8,7,5,"There are as many different kinds of display monitor as there are"
12,8,7,5,"printers.  We'll cover them very briefly:"
SPACE,5,7
14,8,0,5,"MONOCHROME  Inexpensive.  Single color.  Can't do graphics.  Nice"
14,8,10,5,"MONOCHROME"
15,8,0,5,"  letter quality.  Fast display rate.  Primarily for business text."
SPACE,7,5
16,8,1,5,"COMPOSITE  Inexpensive.  Single color.  Can do graphics.  Poor letter"
16,8,11,5,"COMPOSITE"
17,8,1,5,"  quality.  Slower display rate.  Good versatile all-around monitor."
SPACE,1,2
18,8,1,5,"COLOR  Medium cost.  Color graphics.  Poor letter quality.  Slower"
18,8,12,5,"COLOR"
19,8,1,5,"  display rate.  Good for standard business graphics and games."
SPACE,2,1
20,8,7,5,"EGA  Expensive.  More colors available.  Good letter quality.  Faster"
20,8,13,5,"EGA"
21,8,7,5,"  display rate.  Better graphics abilities."
SPACE,5,7
22,8,3,5,"VGA  Very expensive.  Terrific colors and letter quality.  Fast"
22,8,14,5,"VGA"
23,8,3,5,"  display rate.  Good all-around system, but costs through the nose."
SPACE,1,3
CLS,1,25,0,6
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,6
2,0,15,6,"STORAGE AND MEMORY"
3,5,0,6, "                          ┌─────────────────┐"
4,5,0,6, "                          │ ███████████████ │"
5,5,0,6, "                          │ ███████████████ │"
6,5,0,6, "                          │ ███████████████ │"
7,5,0,6, "                          │ ███████████████ │"
8,5,0,6, "     ┌───────┐            └──┬───────────┬──┘"
9,5,0,6, "┌────┤       ├────┐   ┌──────┴───────────┴──────┐   ┌──────────────────┐"
10,5,0,6,"│  ══╧═══════╧══  │   │ ┌┐┌──┐  ███████ ███████ │   │■■ ■■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■│"
11,5,0,6,"├─────────────────┤   │ └┘└──┘                  │   │■■ ■■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■│"
12,5,0,6,"│ ▀     ▄ ▄ ▄  ▓  │   │ ║║║║║║  ███████ ███████ │   │■■ ■■■▄▄▄▄▄■■■ ■■■│"
13,5,0,6,"└─────────────────┘   └─────────────────────────┘   └──────────────────┘"
11,37,6,0,"───────┼───────"
10,44,6,0,"│"
12,44,6,0,"│"
14,8,0,6,"MEMORY refers to the manner in which your computer stores information."
14,8,11,6,"MEMORY"
15,8,0,6,"The computer is a THINKING tool in every sense of the word; it is not"
16,8,0,6,"sentient (self-aware) but it does THINK according to the definition"
17,8,0,6,"of the term."
SPACE,7,1
19,8,0,6,"In order to think, it has to have the ability to store information"
20,8,0,6,"and recall that information when necessary.  To accomplish this, it"
21,8,0,6,"contains one or more types of MEMORY.  Memory refers to its ability"
21,38,10,6,"MEMORY"
22,8,0,6,"to perform this function; it REMEMBERS things."
SPACE,7,1
CLS,1,25,4,7
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,15,7
2,0,6,7,"WHEN THE CHIPS ARE DOWN..."
4,0,8,7, "█████████\      ███████████████\       ████████████████████████\"
5,0,8,7, "█████████       ███████████████        ████████████████████████ "
6,0,8,7, " \\\\\\\\\      ███████████████        ████████████████████████ "
7,0,8,7, "                 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\        \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"
9,0,14,7,"   RAM               ROM                      MICROPROCESSOR    "
BOX,14,2,20,79,2,0,7
16,8,1,7,"Let's begin with memory chips.  There are three basic kinds of chip,"
17,8,1,7,"as indicated above.  We'll take each chip individually, beginning"
18,8,1,7,"with the MICROPROCESSOR."
SPACE,7,1
CLS,10,23,3,1
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,15,7
BOX,10,2,23,79,2,3,1
11,8,3,1,"The MICROPROCESSOR is the BRAINS of your computer system.  It is an"
11,12,11,1,"MICROPROCESSOR"
12,8,3,1,"electronic circuit that can perform incredible calculations at"
13,8,3,1,"incredible rates of speed."
15,8,3,1,"Just about everything your computer does is handled by this micro"
16,8,3,1,"chip.  Liken it to your brain's gray matter."
SPACE,1,3
18,8,7,1,"There are several types of microprocessors available:"
19,8,7,1,"   8088   The standard.  Inexpensive, fast, reliable little chip."
20,8,7,1,"   8086   A little faster, a little more expensive."
21,8,7,1,"   80286  Quite a bit faster, a little more expensive still."
22,8,7,1,"   80386  Real fast.  Real expensive."
SPACE,1,7
CLS,10,23,3,1
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,15,7
BOX,10,2,23,79,2,3,1
13,8,3,1,"RAM stands for RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY.  It is a temporary memory.  It"
13,8,12,1,"RAM"
14,8,3,1,"will remember something for as long as the computer needs that"
15,8,3,1,"information.  Then when that particular piece of data is no longer"
16,8,3,1,"required the computer will erase it, effectively 'forgetting'"
17,8,3,1,"old, outdated information."
SPACE,0,4
CLS,10,23,3,1
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,15,7
BOX,10,2,23,79,2,3,1
13,8,2,1,"ROM stands for READ ONLY MEMORY.  This memory chip is programmed"
13,8,10,1,"ROM"
14,8,2,1,"at the factory and remains the same (hopefully) for as long as you"
15,8,2,1,"own the computer.  The ROM contains all the information needed to"
16,8,2,1,"tell the computer what to do when you flip on the power switch."
17,8,2,1,"It also contains vital operations information so the computer"
18,8,2,1,"doesn't lose its place while you are working."
SPACE,1,2
CLS,1,25,1,2
3,8,1,2,"To illustrate, you have a kind of RAM and ROM memory.  RAM is"
4,8,1,2,"TEMPORARY memory.  ROM is PERMANENT memory.  When you look up a"
5,8,1,2,"phone number in the telephone book, you memorize that number just"
6,8,1,2,"long enough to dial it.  Then when the number is dialed, you promptly"
7,8,1,2,"forget it.  You were using your RAM... RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY..."
8,8,1,2,"TEMPORARY."
SPACE,2,1
10,8,0,2,"You have permanent memories as well.  You know your name, sex,"
11,8,0,2,"birthdate, home address, names of your relatives, etc.  This"
12,8,0,2,"information is held in your ROM... READ ONLY MEMORY... PERMANENT."
SPACE,2,0
14,8,1,2,"So too with the computer.  It has its RAM... temporary memory..."
15,8,1,2,"and its ROM... permanent memory.  The microprocessor is kind of a"
16,8,1,2,"direction unit that uses information held within RAM and ROM to"
17,8,1,2,"perform required tasks.  It is a CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (remember"
18,8,1,2,"we discussed that before?) which is in charge of all data that"
19,8,1,2,"is used in the system."
SPACE,0,4
CLS,1,25,0,3
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,4,3
3,0,14,3,"DISK DRIVES"
5,8,8,3,"██████████████████████████████     ██████████████████████████████"
6,8,8,3,"████████████┌────┐███████O████     ████▒█▓███████████████████████"
7,8,8,3,"███═════════╡████╞════════████     ██████████████████████████████"
8,8,8,3,"████████████└────┘████████████     ██████████████████████████████"
9,8,8,3,"██████████████████████████████     ██████████████████████████████"
6,20,3,8,"┌────┐"
6,33,12,8,"■"
6,47,10,8,"█"
6,49,12,8,"█"
7,11,3,8,"═════════╡████╞════════"
8,20,3,8,"└────┘"
10,0,15,3,"       FLOPPY DRIVE                       HARD DRIVE            "
12,8,1,3,"The computer has to have a place to put excess information, just like"
13,8,1,3,"us organic computational devices (humans).  We don't keep every"
14,8,1,3,"phone number in our heads... we use telephone books.  We don't"
15,8,1,3,"have the entire encyclopedia memorized... we use reference books."
SPACE,3,1
17,8,1,3,"So too with the computer.  Anything that is not required immediately"
18,8,1,3,"is kept in a background storage area.  These areas are called DISK"
19,8,1,3,"DRIVES, and come in basically two models:  FLOPPY DISK and HARD DISK."
SPACE,3,1
CLS,1,25,7,4
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,7,4
3,0,15,4,"'FLOPPY' DISKETTES"
5,8,0,4, "┌──────────────────┐"
6,8,0,4, "│                  │"
7,8,0,4, "│                  │"
8,8,0,4, "│       ▄██▄       │  (well, I never claimed to be Michelangelo)"
9,8,0,4, "│      ██  ██      │"
10,8,0,4,"│       ▀██▀  ■    │"
11,8,0,4,"│        ▄▄        │"
12,8,0,4,"│        ██        │"
13,8,0,4,"└──────────────────┘"
15,8,3,4,"'Floppy' diskettes are a magnetic storage media.  Understanding how"
16,8,3,4,"they work is easy:  just imagine a mix between a cassette tape and"
17,8,3,4,"a record.  Within the square plastic sleeve is a round, magnetic"
18,8,3,4,"'record' that spins at a high rate of speed.  But like a cassette"
19,8,3,4,"tape, information can be recorded on this round record, then erased"
20,8,3,4,"and re-recorded again.  Why are they called floppy?  Because until"
21,8,3,4,"recent times they were not rigid... they flopped!  (there is also a"
22,8,3,4,"school of thought regarding their reliability, but that's another"
23,8,3,4,"thing altogether...)"
SPACE,0,3
CLS,15,23,3,4
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,7,4
15,8,3,4,"These floppy disks can hold a lot of information.  The standard is"
16,8,3,4,"360,000 characters (a character being a letter A-Z, digit 0-9, or"
17,8,3,4,"a special character such as a space or *).  In paper equivalents,"
18,8,3,4,"this comes to about 95 single-spaced typed pages!"
SPACE,0,3
CLS,1,25,7,4
5,8,7,4,"Floppy diskettes are fragile, so here are some things to avoid:"
7,8,7,4,"Do not put your fingers on the magnetic media.  It is OK to hold the"
8,8,7,4,"diskettes by the protective jacket, but keep off the brown shiny"
9,8,7,4,"part.  Fingerprints can cause data loss... oils and all that."
SPACE,4,7
11,8,7,4,"Do not bend the diskettes.  This can crease the material and cause it"
12,8,7,4,"to chip, thus data loss."
SPACE,4,7
14,8,7,4,"Do not expose the disks to heat or magnets.  Heat can physically"
15,8,7,4,"destroy the disk and magnets wipe out data.  Because of this, you"
16,8,7,4,"should also keep diskettes away from power cords and telephones..."
17,8,7,4,"power cords generate magnetic fields and telephones contain magnets!"
SPACE,4,7
19,8,7,4,"Do not write on diskettes with a ball point pen.  This can crease"
20,8,7,4,"the diskette and damage the surface.  And don't forget that dust,"
21,8,7,4,"cigarette ashes, or spills can damage diskettes as well."
SPACE,4,7
CLS,1,25,0,5
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,13,5
3,0,14,5,"HARD DISK DRIVES"
5,8,0,5,"Most businesses need to store and access more information at one"
6,8,0,5,"time than can be placed on a floppy diskette.  Hard disk drives are"
7,8,0,5,"the solution.  They can hold much more information than a floppy"
8,8,0,5,"diskette and operate much, much faster."
SPACE,5,0
10,8,0,5,"For example, a standard-sized hard disk can contain the equivalent"
11,8,0,5,"of 100 floppy diskettes (or even more, depending on the size of the"
12,8,0,5,"the hard disk system).  The hard disk is not removable like the"
13,8,0,5,"floppy, but its speed and larger available information base is of"
14,8,0,5,"great benefit to a business situation."
SPACE,5,0
17,8,0,5,"In order to understand the difference, we need to look into the way"
18,8,0,5,"in which computer memory is measured."
SPACE,5,0
CLS,1,25,0,6
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,6
2,40,15,6,"HOW COMPUTER MEMORY IS MEASURED"
3,6,0,6, "███▄   █   █  █████  █████"
4,6,0,6, "█  ▀█  █   █    █    █"
5,6,0,6, "████▀  █████    █    ████     A 'byte' is one character on your keyboard"
6,6,0,6, "█  ▀█    █      █    █         (that's a rough description, but it will"
7,6,0,6, "████▀    █      █    █████        do for practical purposes.)"
9,6,0,6, "█   █"
10,6,0,6,"█ ▄█▀"
11,6,0,6,"███▄                           'K' stands for 1024 bytes"
12,6,0,6,"█  █▄                             (or roughly 1000 characters)"
13,6,0,6,"█   █"
15,6,0,6,"███████  █████  █████"
16,6,0,6,"█  █  █  █      █    "
17,6,0,6,"█  █  █  ████   █  ██         'MEG' stands for MEGABYTE which is"
18,6,0,6,"█  █  █  █      █   █           approximately one million bytes"
19,6,0,6,"█  █  █  █████  █████"
SPACE,6,0
21,6,0,6,"RAM, ROM, and disk drives are measured in these amounts.  You will"
22,6,0,6,"hear these terms a lot, so let's rack our brains with further"
23,6,0,6,"discussion of them."
SPACE,6,0
CLS,1,25,1,7
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,4,7
3,0,4,7,"BYTES, K, and MEGABYTES"
5,8,1,7,"You may have often heard people discussing computers.  To most folks"
6,8,1,7,"their conversation sounds like gibberish:"
7,8,1,7,"   'Yea, my computer has 640K with 30 megs online and a couple of"
8,8,1,7,"    360K floppies.'"
SPACE,7,1
10,8,4,7,"This isn't difficult to understand considering what we have just"
11,8,4,7,"discussed.  The 640K refers to the amount of RAM in their computer."
12,8,4,7,"In this case, they have about 640,000 characters of immediately-"
13,8,4,7,"available memory."
SPACE,7,4
15,8,5,7,"The 30 megs refers to the hard disk drive.  It has the storage"
16,8,5,7,"capacity of 30,000,000 characters... the paper equivalent of 8,000"
17,8,5,7,"sheets of information!!!"
SPACE,7,5
19,8,5,7,"The 360K floppies refers to the floppy disk drives.  They can hold"
20,8,5,7,"floppy diskettes with the capacity of 368,640 (360 x 1024) characters"
21,8,5,7,"of information."
SPACE,7,6
CLS,1,25,4,0
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,3,0
3,0,4,0,"█  █  █ █   █ █   █    █████ █     █████ █████ █████  █  █████ █████  █████"
4,0,4,0,"█  █  █ █   █ █   █    █     █     █   █ █   █ █   █  █  █     █      ▀   █"
5,0,4,0,"█  █  █ █████ █████    ████  █     █   █ █████ █████  █  ████  █████   ████"
6,0,4,0,"█  █  █ █   █   █      █     █     █   █ █     █      █  █         █   ▀   "
7,0,4,0,"███████ █   █   █      █     █████ █████ █     █      █  █████ █████   █   "
9,8,3,0,"You may be wondering, 'Why use floppy drives if hard disks are better?'"
10,8,3,0,"There are three main reasons:"
SPACE,0,3
12,8,5,0,"1. TRANSPORTABILITY.  Floppy disks are removable, so data can be"
13,8,5,0,"   carried from one place to another."
SPACE,0,5
15,8,2,0,"2. FINANCIAL.  Floppy disk drives are much less expensive than hard"
16,8,2,0,"   drives, so they are the choice for those who wish to buy a"
17,8,2,0,"   computer system but have limited cash."
SPACE,0,2
19,8,6,0,"3. PROGRAM LOADING.  Even if you have a hard disk drive, you will"
20,8,6,0,"   need at least one floppy drive to be able to load new programs"
21,8,6,0,"   into your computer system.  Store-bought programs come on"
22,8,6,0,"   floppy disk format."
SPACE,0,6
CLS,1,25,3,1
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,4,1
3,0,10,1,"HOW DO FLOPPIES WORK?"
5,8,8,1,"██████████████████████████████"
6,8,8,1,"████████████┌────┐███████O████"
7,8,8,1,"███═════════╡████╞════════████"
8,8,8,1,"████████████└────┘████████████"
9,8,8,1,"██████████████████████████████"
6,20,1,8,"┌────┐"
6,33,12,8,"■"
7,11,1,8,"═════════╡████╞════════"
8,20,1,8,"└────┘"
10,8,2,1,"     ┌──────────────────┐     "
11,8,2,1,"     │        ██        │     "
12,8,2,1,"     │    ■   ▀▀        │     "
13,8,2,1,"     │       ▄██▄       │     "
14,8,2,1,"     │      ██  ██      │     "
15,8,2,1,"     │       ▀██▀       │     "
16,8,2,1,"     │                  │     "
17,8,2,1,"     │  ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓  │     "
18,8,2,1,"     └──────────────────┘     "
11,9,13,1,"/│\"
11,34,13,1,"/│\"
12,10,13,1,"│"
12,35,13,1,"│"
13,10,13,1,"│"
13,35,13,1,"│"
5,40,3,1,"The floppy disk is inserted in the"
6,40,3,1,"disk drive as shown; the lable is"
7,40,3,1,"facing up, and the data hole toward"
8,40,3,1,"the drive.  Insert the disk care-"
9,40,3,1,"fully and close the door.  Turn on"
10,40,3,1,"the computer system.  If you have"
11,40,3,1,"inserted the correct disk, the"
12,40,3,1,"computer will BOOT, which is"
13,40,3,1,"computerese for 'starting itself'."
SPACE,1,3
15,40,7,1,"The term BOOT comes from an old"
16,40,7,1,"joke which went around in the"
17,40,7,1,"1800's that if a cowboy pulled on"
18,40,7,1,"his bootstraps hard enough, he"
19,40,7,1,"could lift himself off of the"
20,40,7,1,"ground.  In a way, this is what"
21,40,7,1,"your computer does when you turn"
22,40,7,1,"on the power!"
SPACE,0,6
5,8,8,1,  "██████████████████████████████"
6,8,8,1,  "████████████┌────┐███████O████"
7,8,8,1,  "███═════════╡████╞════════████"
8,8,8,1,  "████████████└────┘████████████"
9,8,8,1,  "██████████████████████████████"
10,13,8,1,"                    "
11,13,8,1,"                    "
12,13,8,1,"                    "
13,13,8,1,"                    "
14,13,8,1,"                    "
15,13,8,1,"                    "
16,13,8,1,"                    "
17,13,8,1,"                    "
18,13,8,1,"                    "
7,13,2,1, "│      ██  ██      │"
8,13,2,1, "│       ▀██▀       │"
9,13,2,1, "│                  │"
10,13,2,1,"│  ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓  │"
11,13,2,1,"└──────────────────┘"
6,20,1,8,"┌────┐"
6,33,12,8,"■"
7,11,1,8,"═══════════════════════"
22,40,6,1,"             "
21,40,6,1,"                                "
20,40,6,1,"                               "
19,40,6,1,"                             "
18,40,6,1,"                              "
17,40,6,1,"                                 "
16,40,6,1,"                             "
15,40,6,1,"                               "
13,40,3,1,"                                  "
12,40,3,1,"                            "
11,40,3,1,"                              "
10,40,3,1,"                                 "
9,40,3,1,"                                  "
8,40,3,1,"                                 "
7,40,3,1,"                                   "
6,40,3,1,"                                 "
5,40,3,1,"                                  "
5,40,7,1,"In order to boot the system using a"
6,40,7,1,"floppy drive, you must use a DOS"
6,69,15,1,"DOS"
7,40,7,1,"diskette.  DOS (rhymes with moss)"
8,40,7,1,"stands for DISK OPERATING SYSTEM."
8,51,15,1,"DISK OPERATING SYSTEM"
9,40,7,1,"DOS is what tells your CPU how to"
10,40,7,1,"interact with your floppy drives,"
11,40,7,1,"hard drives, monitor, printer, and"
12,40,7,1,"any other peripherals you may have"
13,40,7,1,"connected to the unit."
SPACE,0,6
15,40,3,1,"We will learn more about the Disk"
16,40,3,1,"Operating System later on in this"
17,40,3,1,"course.  For now, just remember"
18,40,3,1,"that a floppy-based computer"
19,40,3,1,"system must have a DOS diskette"
20,40,3,1,"in order to function.  Without"
21,40,3,1,"that diskette, it will sit in"
22,40,3,1,"in La La land and dribble."
SPACE,1,3
CLS,1,25,1,2
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,1,2
3,0,1,2,"BOOTING FROM THE HARD DISK"
5,26,8,2, "██████████████████████████████"
6,26,8,2, "████▒█▓███████████████████████"
7,26,8,2, "██████████████████████████████"
8,26,8,2, "██████████████████████████████"
9,26,8,2, "██████████████████████████████"
6,30,12,2,"█"
6,32,14,2,"█"
14,8,1,2,"The hard disk drive is easier.  All of the booting information"
15,8,1,2,"should already be on the drive, so all you have to do is turn the"
16,8,1,2,"computer on and let the hard drive do its stuff.  If for some reason"
17,8,1,2,"the computer does not turn on properly, contact the person in charge"
18,8,1,2,"of system maintenance (or your computer consultant) and have it"
19,8,1,2,"checked out.  But in all likelihood, it will work.  Either the hard"
20,8,1,2,"disk or floppy must be working, because you're reading this!"
SPACE,2,1
CLS,1,25,1,3
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,1,3
3,0,10,3,"THE BOOT PROCESS AND INFORMATION EXCHANGE"
5,8,0,3,"█████████      ████████████████████       ┌──────┐       ███████"
6,8,0,3,"███ROM███      ███microprocessor███       │ disk │       ██RAM██"
7,8,0,3,"█████████      ████████████████████       │      │       ███████"
8,8,0,3,"                                          └──────┘"
10,8,1,3,"When you turn on your computer, energy flows to the ROM which begins"
11,8,1,3,"to interact with the microprocessor.  Together they pull information"
6,18,4,3,"-->"
12,8,1,3,"from either the floppy or hard disk drive.  This information, once"
6,45,4,3,"-->"
7,45,5,3,"<--"
13,8,1,3,"it is stored in RAM and acted upon, causes the proper boot sequence"
6,60,4,3,"-->"
7,60,5,3,"<--"
14,8,1,3,"to occur... your computer comes to life!"
SPACE,3,1
17,8,0,3,"In case you've lost track in all this, we were discussing computer"
18,8,0,3,"COMPONENTS.  Memory is a component, so that's how we got all side"
19,8,0,3,"tracked here.  Fear not, however.  We return to the subject at hand"
20,8,0,3,"with the greatest expediency!"
SPACE,3,0
CLS,1,25,7,4
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,4
3,0,15,4,"OTHER MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS"
5,8,3,4,"We will now take a few moments to discuss other computer components"
6,8,3,4,"which are either hidden from view (such as the memory chips we just"
7,8,3,4,"discussed) or perhaps not present in your computer system."
SPACE,4,0
9,8,0,4, "▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄"
10,8,0,4,"███████████████████████████"
11,8,0,4,"███████████████████████████"
12,8,0,4,"███████████████████████████"
13,8,0,4,"███████████████████████████"
14,8,0,4,"▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀█▓▓▓▓▓▓▓█"
10,9,13,0,"╫╒═┬ΘΓ╣»»»╢═≈Θ╛╣╟─≡≈≈╠⌠╬╬"
11,9,13,0,"╢═≈Θ╛╣╟─≡≈≈╠⌠╬╬╒═┬ΘΓ╣»»»╢"
12,9,13,0,"Θ╛╣╟─≡≈≈╠⌠╬╬╒═┬ΘΓ╣»»»╢═≈Γ"
13,9,13,0,"─≡≈≈╠⌠╬╬╒═┬ΘΓ╣»»»╢≈Θ╛╣╟─≡"
10,40,15,4,"COMPONENT CARDS."
11,40,7,4,"  These cards sit inside your"
12,40,7,4,"computer and perform a variety of"
13,40,7,4,"functions.  We will show you some"
14,40,7,4,"of the most widely used."
SPACE,0,4
16,8,0,4,"PARALLEL PORT.  This card is used most often to connect your"
16,8,15,4,"PARALLEL PORT"
17,8,0,4,"computer to a printer.  The parallel port allows the computer to"
18,8,0,4,"send information to your printer, and allows the printer to tell"
19,8,0,4,"the computer when it is ready for more data."
SPACE,4,0
CLS,16,23,0,4
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,4
16,8,0,4,"SERIAL PORT.  This card can do many things.  It can be connected to"
16,8,15,4,"SERIAL PORT"
17,8,0,4,"an external modem (telephone system), a mouse (cursor movement device)"
18,8,0,4,"another computer, an additional information entry device, and many"
19,8,0,4,"other things."
SPACE,4,0
CLS,16,23,0,4
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,4
16,8,0,4,"REAL TIME CLOCK.  Ordinarily you are asked to enter the date and time"
16,8,15,4,"REAL TIME CLOCK"
17,8,0,4,"each time you turn on your computer.  A real time clock keeps the"
18,8,0,4,"date and time in memory, even when the computer is turned off.  This"
19,8,0,4,"makes for more convenient and accurate computer use, since most"
20,8,0,4,"people really hate entering the date and time and wind up bypassing"
21,8,0,4,"it, only to learn later they shouldn't do that!"
SPACE,4,0
CLS,16,23,0,4
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,4
16,8,0,4,"GAME PORT.  Everyone likes to play games.  In fact, studies show that"
16,8,15,4,"GAME PORT"
17,8,0,4,"game playing on a computer during office hours can be beneficial if"
18,8,0,4,"limited to 5 or 10 minute spans twice a day-- it relieves the tedium"
19,8,0,4,"of data entry.  The game port allows a JOYSTICK to be attached to"
20,8,0,4,"the computer for greater ease of game play.  There are also a very"
21,8,0,4,"few business applications which benefit from use of a joystick."
SPACE,4,0
CLS,9,23,7,4
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,4
10,8,0,4,"     ▄ "
11,8,0,4,"    ▐█▌"
12,8,0,4,"    ▐█▌"
13,8,0,4,"    ▐█▌"
14,8,0,4," ▄   █   ▄"
15,8,0,4,"███████████"
16,8,0,4,"███████████"
10,40,7,4,"You are probably already acquainted"
11,40,7,4,"with the JOYSTICK.  This is a"
11,49,15,4,"JOYSTICK"
12,40,7,4,"device that has a movable handle"
13,40,7,4,"accompanied by buttons.  When the"
14,40,7,4,"handle is moved, it causes things"
15,40,7,4,"to be moved on the screen.  These"
16,40,7,4,"are most common among video arcade"
17,40,7,4,"games and home game computers."
SPACE,4,7
18,8,0,4,"While you may feel you have no need of a 'game' device, the joystick"
19,8,0,4,"is also used by some business applications.  Then too, many people"
20,8,0,4,"CLAIM they never play computer games, but a recent study showed that"
21,8,0,4,"57% of business EXECUTIVES questioned, ADMITTED to playing games"
22,8,0,4,"during work hours to relieve the buildup of stress!  Joysticks"
23,8,0,4,"are also inexpensive, so it's not difficult to add one to your system."
SPACE,7,4
CLS,9,23,7,4
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,4
10,0,0,4,"███████████████████████████"
11,0,0,2,"████■██■██■██■██■██■██■████"
12,0,0,4,"███████████████████████████"
14,8,7,4,"The MODEM is a spectacular device that can greatly benefit both the"
14,12,10,4,"MODEM"
15,8,7,4,"home and business environment.  It allows your computer to be hooked"
16,8,7,4,"into a telephone line so that you can dial up other computers and"
17,8,7,4,"information.  Businesses can use it to access business 'data bases'"
18,8,7,4,"(collections of information).  Homes can use it to contact local"
19,8,7,4,"BBS numbers (Bulletin Board System) and user support groups.  You can"
20,8,7,4,"use a modem to find thousands of free computer programs if you have a"
21,8,7,4,"local BBS dedicated to user program trading (non-copyrighted programs"
22,8,7,4,"only, of course)."
SPACE,4,7
CLS,14,23,7,4
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,4
14,8,7,4,"Yet despite the incredible benefits to be gained by a modem, most"
15,8,7,4,"people do not include them in their computer purchase, claiming that"
16,8,7,4,"a modem is too expensive.  However, a good-quality modem can often"
17,8,7,4,"be purchased for $100 to $150.  More and more people are starting to"
18,8,7,4,"realize that this is one of the most valuable devices you can have"
19,8,7,4,"in your computer system!"
SPACE,4,7
CLS,9,23,1,4
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,4
10,8,7,4,"████████████"
11,8,7,4,"████████████"
12,8,7,4,"████████████"
13,8,7,4,"████████████"
14,8,7,4,"████████████"
15,8,7,4,"████████████"
16,8,7,4,"████████████"
17,8,7,4,"████████████"
18,8,0,4,"      █       "
19,8,0,4,"      └─────────"
11,9,0,7, "┌──┬──┬──┐"
12,9,0,7, "│  │  │  │"
13,9,0,7, "└──┴──┴──┘"
10,30,3,4,"This odd-looking device is called a MOUSE."
11,30,3,4,"This is a flat-shaped instrument that you move"
12,30,3,4,"around on a flat surface.  Two or three"
13,30,3,4,"buttons are used singly or in combination to"
14,30,3,4,"move either the cursor or other items around"
15,30,3,4,"on the screen.  It is used most often in two"
16,30,3,4,"areas:  1) Menu-driven applications (where you"
17,30,3,4,"choose what you wish to do from a mouse-"
18,30,3,4,"selected menu)  2) Graphics."
SPACE,4,3
18,30,3,4,"                                              "
17,30,3,4,"                                              "
16,30,3,4,"                                              "
15,30,3,4,"                                              "
14,30,3,4,"                                              "
13,30,3,4,"                                              "
12,30,3,4,"                                              "
11,30,3,4,"                                              "
10,30,3,4,"                                              "
10,30,7,4,"Aside from its small size, there is no"
11,30,7,4,"technical indication as to why this device is"
12,30,7,4,"called a mouse.  Probably for the same reason"
13,30,7,4,"that a computer character is called a BYTE."
14,30,7,4,"We'll resist the joke here about the MOUSE"
15,30,7,4,"that BYTES.  It's silly."
SPACE,4,3
CLS,1,25,0,5
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,5
3,0,10,5,"█████  █████  █████  █      █████  █████"
4,0,10,5,"█      █   █  █   █  █      █      █    "
5,0,10,5,"█      █████  █████  █      ████   █████"
6,0,10,5,"█      █   █  █   █  █      █          █"
7,0,10,5,"█████  █   █  █████  █████  █████  █████"
8,0,0,5, "▄███                                               ███▄"
9,0,0,5, "████≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡████"
10,0,0,5,"████≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡████"
11,0,0,5,"████≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡████"
12,0,0,5,"▀███                                               ███▀"
9,0,3,1, "≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡"
10,0,3,1,"≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡"
11,0,3,1,"≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡"
14,8,7,5,"Cables are the connectors of your computer system.  They are the"
15,8,7,5,"pathways along which information is sent from one component to"
16,8,7,5,"another.  Cables connect your parallel card to your printer, your"
17,8,7,5,"joystick to the game port, mouse to the serial port, and modem to"
18,8,7,5,"your telephone system.  Always make sure that cables are undamaged"
19,8,7,5,"and that the connections are tight and dust free.  Your computer"
20,8,7,5,"works only as well as the cables are connected."
SPACE,5,7
CLS,1,25,0,6
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,6
3,0,10,6,"█████ █   █ █████ █████ █████"
4,0,10,6,"█     █   █ █   █ █     █    "
5,0,10,6,"█████ █   █ █████ █  ██ ████ "
6,0,10,6,"    █ █   █ █  █  █   █ █    "
7,0,10,6,"█████ █████ █   █ █████ █████"
9,0,10,6, "█████ █████ █████ █████ █████ █████ █████ █████ █████ █████"
10,0,10,6,"█   █ █   █ █   █   █   █     █       █   █   █ █   █ █    "
11,0,10,6,"█████ █████ █   █   █   ████  █       █   █   █ █████ █████"
12,0,10,6,"█     █  █  █   █   █   █     █       █   █   █ █  █      █"
13,0,10,6,"█     █   █ █████   █   █████ █████   █   █████ █   █ █████"
15,8,0,6,"The last and one of the most important components we will discuss is"
16,8,0,6,"the SURGE PROTECTOR.  Computers are very sensitive to fluctuating"
17,8,0,6,"electrical current.  The power from your wall outlet may rise and"
18,8,0,6,"fall as much as 6000 volts during a standard day.  Surge protectors"
19,8,0,6,"are designed to 'clamp' this voltage to limits that will not harm"
20,8,0,6,"your delicate computer components."
SPACE,6,0
CLS,1,24,0,6
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,6
3,8,7,0,"█████████████████████████████████████████████████"
4,8,7,0,"██▀▀▀▀██████▀▀▀▀██████▀▀▀▀██████▀▀▀▀███████░░░░██"
5,8,7,0,"███████ █████████ █████████ █████████ █████░░░░██"
6,8,7,0,"██▄▄▄▄██████▄▄▄▄██████▄▄▄▄██████▄▄▄▄███████░░░░██"
7,8,7,0,"█████████████████████████████████████████████████"
5,57,0,6,"▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄████─── "
6,57,0,6,"          ████─── "
12,8,15,6,"WITHOUT A SURGE PROTECTOR, YOUR COMPUTER CAN SUDDENLY 'LOCK UP',"
13,8,15,6,"LOSE DATA, OR EVEN SUFFER DAMAGE!!!"
19,8,0,6,"For this reason, a surge protector is a very important device.  You"
20,8,0,6,"should not operate a computer without a surge protector.  This item"
21,8,0,6,"should be a standard part of every computer purchase."
SPACE,6,0
CLS,1,25,1,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,0
3,5,6,0, "                          ┌─────────────────┐"
4,5,6,0, "                          │ ███████████████ │"
5,5,6,0, "                          │ ███████████████ │"
6,5,6,0, "                          │ ███████████████ │"
7,5,6,0, "                          │ ███████████████ │"
8,5,6,0, "     ┌───────┐            └──┬───────────┬──┘"
9,5,6,0, "┌────┤       ├────┐   ┌──────┴───────────┴──────┐   ┌──────────────────┐"
10,5,6,0,"│  ══╧═══════╧══  │   │ ┌┐┌──┐  ███████ ███████ │   │■■ ■■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■│"
11,5,6,0,"├─────────────────┤   │ └┘└──┘                  │   │■■ ■■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■│"
12,5,6,0,"│ ▀     ▄ ▄ ▄  ▓  │   │ ║║║║║║  ███████ ███████ │   │■■ ■■■▄▄▄▄▄■■■ ■■■│"
13,5,6,0,"└─────────────────┘   └─────────────────────────┘   └──────────────────┘"
11,37,0,6,"───────┼───────"
10,44,0,6,"│"
12,44,0,6,"│"
15,0,10,0,"DIFFERENT MODELS OF COMPUTER"
16,8,5,0,"There are many differnt models of IBM (tm IBM) compatible computer."
17,8,5,0,"COMPATIBLE means it is designed to work just like an IBM.  Sometimes"
17,8,15,0,"COMPATIBLE"
18,8,5,0,"the compatibles work even better."
20,8,5,0,"We will look at the different model numbers and discuss their"
21,8,5,0,"features before going on to the next section."
SPACE,0,5
CLS,1,25,1,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,0
3,0,2,0, "███████  █   █  █████              ████   █  █████"
4,0,2,0, "█  █  █  █   █     █▀              █   █  █    █  "
5,0,2,0, "█  █  █  █████    █▀               ████   █    █  "
6,0,2,0, "█  █  █  █   █  ▄█▀                █   █  █    █  "
7,0,2,0, "█  █  █  █   █  █████              ████   █    █  "
9,0,12,0,"    MEGAHERTZ                       BINARY DIGIT  "
11,8,3,0,"MEGAHERTZ is the approximate measure of speed on a computer system."
11,8,11,0,"MEGAHERTZ"
12,8,3,0,"This measurement is not all there is to it, because in addition to"
13,8,3,0,"this speed rating there is also the type of MICROPROCESSOR and the"
14,8,3,0,"speed of the HARD DISK to be considered.  But in general, the higher"
15,8,3,0,"the MEGAHERTZ rating, the faster the computer has the potential of"
16,8,3,0,"operating."
SPACE,0,3
18,8,7,0,"A BIT is another term of speed measurement when it is used in"
18,10,15,0,"BIT"
19,8,7,0,"reference to the microprocessor.  The BIT measurement refers to how"
20,8,7,0,"much information can be processed by the microprocessor at one time."
21,8,7,0,"The range of microprocessors at this time is 8 bit, 16 bit, and"
22,8,7,0,"32 bit.  The greater the number, the faster the microprocessor."
23,8,7,0,"It was necessary to tell you this so we could present the next section."
SPACE,0,7
CLS,1,25,1,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,0
2,0,13,0,"THE ORIGINAL PC's"
4,8,7,0,"PC.  This was the original IBM system.  It was an amazing piece of"
4,8,10,0,"PC"
5,8,7,0,"equipment in its day, but by today's standards it was underpowered"
6,8,7,0,"and underequipped.  Only 64K RAM, a BADLY designed keyboard, an"
7,8,7,0,"inadequate power supply, and room for only 5 device cards paved the"
8,8,7,0,"way for third-party manufacturers to make billions on peripherals."
SPACE,0,7
10,8,7,0,"However, compared with other computers of its day, it was a workhorse."
11,8,7,0,"To be considered is the fact that other systems at that time contained"
12,8,7,0,"only 16 to 48K RAM, were MUCH slower than the PC, and either had low-"
13,8,7,0,"quality graphics or none at all.  Hard disks were virtually unknown"
14,8,7,0,"and most of the computers were designed to use SLOW, SLOW cassette"
15,8,7,0,"tapes for storage instead of diskettes."
SPACE,0,7
17,8,7,0,"The PC ran at 4.77 MHZ in 16 BITS when other computers were running"
18,8,7,0,"1.5 MHZ at 8 bits.  This made the PC a MUCH faster and more powerful"
19,8,7,0,"computer.  When this is realized, we can understand why the PC was a"
20,8,7,0,"welcome addition to the computer world."
SPACE,0,7
CLS,1,25,1,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,0
2,0,13,0,"THE ORIGINAL PC's"
4,8,4,0,"XT.  This was the first truly nice unit.  A larger power supply, more"
4,8,11,0,"XT"
5,8,4,0,"RAM capability, and greater expansion ability made this the most"
6,8,4,0,"popular business computer of all times.  8 expansion slots, 256K"
7,8,4,0,"RAM, and a larger power supply made this the choice for businesses."
SPACE,0,4
9,8,4,0,"The XT still had the terrible keyboard (the ENTER and SHIFT keys were"
10,8,4,0,"in unwieldy positions).  But by the time the XT hit the market, there"
11,8,4,0,"was a wealth of other merchandise to back it up.  The XT retained the"
12,8,4,0,"old 4.77 MHZ / 16 BIT rating.  The odd thing is that now CLONES"
13,8,4,0,"began showing up, computers designed to work just like the IBM and in"
14,8,4,0,"some cases even better.  The clones worked not at 4.77 but at 8 and"
15,8,4,0,"even 10 MHZ, making them twice as fast as the XT."
SPACE,0,4
CLS,1,25,1,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,0
2,0,13,0,"THE ORIGINAL PC's"
4,8,7,0,"AT.  This powerhouse of a computer boasted a more powerful"
4,8,12,0,"AT"
5,8,7,0,"microprocessor that allowed the system to run several times faster"
6,8,7,0,"than the PC or XT.  The AT ran a 32 BIT microprocessor at 6 MHZ,"
7,8,7,0,"making it run 5 times faster than the PC/XT.  The power supply was"
8,8,7,0,"MUCH larger, allowing it to handle more peripherals.  The AT came with"
9,8,7,0,"the ability to hold 512K RAM, and had greater interior room for"
10,8,7,0,"accessories.  The AT was MUCH more expensive than the PC/XT."
SPACE,0,7
13,8,3,0,"The clones were not to be outdone here either.  Soon there were AT"
14,8,3,0,"compatibles runing at 8, 10, 12, and 16 MHZ with ONE MEGABYTE"
15,8,3,0,"of RAM!  These were powerful computers!"
SPACE,0,3
CLS,1,25,1,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,0
2,0,13,0,"THE ORIGINAL PC's"
4,8,4,0,"Somewhere in there IBM introduced the PCjr.  This was a major kind"
5,8,4,0,"of snafu.  The PCjr was an underpowered unit with an inadequate"
6,8,4,0,"keyboard, very limited RAM and expansion ability, and an incompatible"
7,8,4,0,"nature that was a disappointment to everyone."
SPACE,0,4
9,8,3,0,"It was apparently intended as a 'smaller, starter unit' at a time"
10,8,3,0,"when nobody wanted a smaller, starter unit.  People desired a"
11,8,3,0,"computer that could be expanded if necessary; the PCjr was sorely"
12,8,3,0,"lacking in that area."
SPACE,3,0
14,8,7,0,"If IBM had brought out the PCjr instead of the original PC it might"
15,8,7,0,"have been widely accepted with great applause.  As it was however,"
16,8,7,0,"the ill-fated PCjr offered too little too late, and was largely"
17,8,7,0,"hissed out of existance."
SPACE,0,7
CLS,1,25,1,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,0
3,0,13,0,"THE NEW PC's"
5,8,7,0,"The newest offering is the PS/2 (Personal System 2, tm IBM) line"
5,35,10,0,"PS/2"
6,8,7,0,"by IBM.  These computers were brought out to accomplish two things:"
7,8,7,0,"  1- Offer more power to the corporate user"
8,8,7,0,"  2- Put a stop to the 'clone makers' who made a fortune selling"
9,8,7,0,"     IBM compatibles"
SPACE,0,7
11,8,3,0,"These new units are impressive.  The design of the computer is more"
12,8,3,0,"attractive than the old, 'box-look'.  They have an enhanced graphic"
13,8,3,0,"ability that puts the old graphics standards to shame (the old"
14,8,3,0,"standard was 16 colors, the new 256!)."
SPACE,0,3
16,8,2,0,"The graphics allow computer dislays that approach the quality of"
17,8,2,0,"a printed photograph.  They also use the 8086, 80286 and 80386"
18,8,2,0,"microprocessors, which are nicer chips than the original 8088."
19,8,2,0,"This allows the computers to operate smoother and faster than"
20,8,2,0,"ever before."
SPACE,2,0
CLS,1,25,1,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,0
3,0,13,0,"THE NEW PC's"
5,8,7,0,"Despite their 'ergonomic' look and feel however, there are pros and"
6,8,7,0,"cons that have caused great controversy in the computer field."
7,8,7,0,"There are several new models.  These do not all conform to the same"
8,8,7,0,"standards.  They do not use the same graphics standard, but rather"
9,8,7,0,"add three new standards to the already existing 4 or 5, to further"
10,8,7,0,"confuse the computer user.  Some of the models have completely"
11,8,7,0,"different internal layout, requiring all-new equipment.  Owners of"
12,8,7,0,"older systems cannot therefore easily upgrade; they must buy all"
13,8,7,0,"new components."
SPACE,0,2
CLS,1,25,1,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,0
3,0,13,0,"THE NEW PC's"
5,8,7,0,"Many people dislike the fact that with these new units IBM failed to"
6,8,7,0,"set a standard among their own machines.  People were looking for"
7,8,7,0,"units that were upward and backward compatible.  It is felt by some"
8,8,7,0,"that rather than several models, IBM should have brought out only one"
9,8,7,0,"that could be used either in the home or business by choosing options"
10,8,7,0,"to be added internally.  One graphics standard would have been a plus"
11,8,7,0,"rather than the confusing jumble presently available."
SPACE,0,7
13,8,3,0,"Because of this, many companies are electing to purchase compatible"
14,8,3,0,"computers that match the OLD standards in order to insure"
15,8,3,0,"compatibility with existing products and computers they already own."
16,8,3,0,"In fact, a national newspaper-based consumers report recommended"
17,8,3,0,"that most people should stick with the old IBM standards and not"
18,8,3,0,"upgrade to the new, and that new users should purchase compatibles"
19,8,3,0,"rather than IBM's 'new standard'."
SPACE,0,7
CLS,1,25,1,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,0
5,8,2,0,"Lest we sound anti-IBM, let it be stated that the design both"
6,8,2,0,"internally and externally of the PS/2 line is a good one.  The"
7,8,2,0,"color abilities are certainly more attractive (although for some"
8,8,2,0,"reason IBM just can't seem to make their graphics equal the quality"
9,8,2,0,"of some home computers that sell for $600...).  The systems are"
10,8,2,0,"fast, and they look PRETTY.  Each machine taken on its own merit,"
11,8,2,0,"in exclusion to existing standards, is an impressive computer."
SPACE,0,2
18,8,6,0,"In the end, each person must decide which kind of computer will best"
19,8,6,0,"meet his specific requirements.  Ignore the model number, claims of"
20,8,6,0,"'new, better, and improved', and discover WHICH COMPUTER WILL DO"
21,8,6,0,"WHAT YOU WANT IT TO.  Taking this course is a wise step!"
SPACE,0,6
CLS,1,25,1,3
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,3
5,8,1,3,"Is this confusing enough?  That last section was included just to"
6,8,1,3,"introduce you to the in's and out's of the computer field, and to"
7,8,1,3,"stress the potential difficulty involved in making a decision to"
8,8,1,3,"buy a computer."
SPACE,3,1
10,8,0,3,"The purchase of a computer is a BIG step that should have lots of"
11,8,0,3,"study and information behind the decision.  You may find that a"
12,8,0,3,"computer consultant will be of great benefit in helping you buy a"
13,8,0,3,"computer.  The $200 or so the consultant may charge you is money"
14,8,0,3,"well-spent if it prevents you from purchasing a computer that will"
15,8,0,3,"not meet your requirements.  The consultant may even be able to"
16,8,0,3,"provide you with advice that will SAVE money over the cost of your"
17,8,0,3,"computer system, and thus help you pay for his services without"
18,8,0,3,"actually costing you a thing."
SPACE,3,0
CLS,1,25,1,7
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,7
3,0,4,7,"█   █  █████  █   █  █████"
4,0,4,7,"██  █  █       █ █     █  "
5,0,4,7,"█ █ █  ████     █      █  "
6,0,4,7,"█  ██  █       █ █     █  "
7,0,4,7,"█   █  █████  █   █    █  "
10,8,1,7,"This section has introduced you to the components of your computer."
11,8,1,7,"The next section deals with the COMMANDS which make those components"
12,8,1,7,"work together to perform a given task.  Those commands are performed"
13,8,1,7,"by a program called DOS (the Disk Operating System).  Press SPACE to"
14,8,1,7,"continue on, or ESC to stop the session here."
SPACE,7,1
PROG,CT3.DAT